Which of the following best describes Swift's criticism of human nature in the novel?

In "Gulliver's Travels," Jonathan Swift offers a deeply cynical view of human nature, which is reflected throughout the various societies that Gulliver encounters on his journeys. Swift illustrates the flaws and moral failings of humanity through satirical portrayals, such as the corruption, pride, and violence he observes among the Lilliputians, as well as the more profound depictions of the Houyhnhnms and Yahoos.

The novel critiques the pettiness and irrationality of human behavior, suggesting that people often act out of self-interest rather than reason or morality. For example, the conflict between the Lilliputians over trivial matters symbolizes the absurdity of human disputes and the destructive nature of ambition and pride. Through these vivid contrasts, Swift conveys a pessimistic outlook on human nature, emphasizing its chaotic and flawed characteristics.

In contrast, the other options either overstate the positivity of human traits or suggest an emotional detachment that doesn't accurately reflect Swift's incisive and often harsh critique of humanity. The overall message aligns with a skeptical perspective, reinforcing the idea that Swift's examination of human flaws remains relevant and thought-provoking.