How does Swift use contrasting societies to highlight flaws in his own?

Swift effectively uses the contrasting societies found in Lilliput and among the Houyhnhnms to provide a critique of contemporary English society. Through the examination of Lilliput, with its trivial political squabbles and petty distinctions, Swift reflects the often absurd nature of British politics and social hierarchies. The Lilliputians, with their obsessive focus on the minutiae of governance, serve as a mirror to the corruption and ridiculousness found in Swift's own society.

In stark contrast, the Houyhnhnms represent a rational and harmonious society governed by reason and virtue. Their idealistic way of life raises questions about the moral and ethical failings of humanity, particularly those relevant to Swift's own time. By examining these differences, Swift invites readers to evaluate and criticize their own societal norms and behaviors.

This approach does not suggest that all societies are equally flawed, nor does Swift simply idealize one culture at the expense of another. Instead, by showcasing the extremes of these two civilizations, he emphasizes the shortcomings and incoherence within his own social context, encouraging a deeper reflection on the state of human affairs during the Enlightenment.